Sony Music 100 Years: Soundtrack for a Century

~ Veröffentlichung von Various Artists (alle Versionen dieser Veröffentlichung ansehen, 2 vorhanden)

Titelliste

1▶CD: Pop Music: The Early Years 1890–1950, Disc 1
2▶CD: Pop Music: The Early Years 1890–1950, Disc 2
3▶CD: Sony Classical: Great Performances: 1903–1998, Disc 1
4▶CD: Sony Classical: Great Performances: 1903–1998, Disc 2
5▶CD: Sony Classical: Great Performances: 1903–1998, Disc 3
6▶CD: Sony Classical: Great Performances: 1903–1998, Disc 4
7▶CD: Jazz: The Definitive Performances, Disc 1
8▶CD: Jazz: The Definitive Performances, Disc 2
9▶CD: Folk, Gospel & Blues: Will the Circle Be Unbroken, Disc 1
10▶CD: Folk, Gospel & Blues: Will the Circle Be Unbroken, Disc 2
11▶CD: Country: The American Tradition, Disc 1
12▶CD: Country: The American Tradition, Disc 2
13▶CD: Movie Music: The Definitive Performances, Disc 1
14▶CD: Movie Music: The Definitive Performances, Disc 2
15▶CD: Broadway: The Great Original Cast Recordings, Disc 1
16▶CD: Broadway: The Great Original Cast Recordings, Disc 2
17▶CD: Pop Music: The Golden Era: 1951–1975, Disc 1
18▶CD: Pop Music: The Golden Era: 1951–1975, Disc 2
19▶CD: Rock: The Train Kept a Rollin’, Disc 1
20▼CD: Rock: The Train Kept a Rollin’, Disc 2
Nr.TitelKünstlerBewertungLänge
1Paradise by the Dashboard Light
recording of:
Paradise by the Dashboard Light
Texter und Komponist(in):
Jim Steinman
Meat Loaf5:56
2Pump It Up
recording of:
Pump It Up
Texter und Komponist(in):
Elvis Costello
publisher:
BMG Music Publishing Ltd. und Universal Music Publishing MGB Australia
Elvis Costello3:14
3London Calling
Techniker(in):
Bill Price (UK producer/engineer)
Produzent(in):
Guy Stevens
Bassgitarre:
Paul Simonon (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
Gitarre:
Mick Jones (The Clash/Big Audio Dynamite) (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03) und Joe Strummer (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
Schlagzeug und Perkussion:
Topper Headon (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
vocals:
Mick Jones (The Clash/Big Audio Dynamite) (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03) und Joe Strummer (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Aug 5, 2004 – Oct 1, 2008) (in 1979) und Sony BMG Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd. (not for release label use! UK subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment) (in 1979)
aufgenommen bei:
Wessex Sound Studios in Highbury, Islington, London (Greater London), England, Vereinigtes Königreich (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
Teil von:
Indie 88: Top 500 Indie Rock Songs (Nummer: 7), Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (as at 2016-06-10) (Nummer: 15), VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the 80’s (compiled in 2006) (Nummer: 42), Helsingin Sanomat: 100 maailman parasta laulua (2022-1-15) (Nummer: 63), Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – 500 Songs That Shaped Rock und Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 2021 edition (Nummer: 143)
recording of:
London Calling (von 1979-01 bis 1979-03)
Verfasser(in):
Mick Jones (The Clash/Big Audio Dynamite) und Joe Strummer
publisher:
Nineden Ltd., Nineden Music (publisher) und Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd.
The Clash4.13:18
4Breaking the Law
Techniker(in):
Louis Austin (engineering)
Produzent(in):
Tom Allom
E-Bass:
Ian Hill (UK bassist for Judas Priest) (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
E-Gitarre:
Kenneth Downing (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02) und Glenn Tipton (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
Schlagzeug:
Dave Holland (British rock drummer) (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
Sologesang:
Rob Halford (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
CBS Records (manufacturer/distributor, not for release label use!) (in 1980), Sony BMG Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd. (not for release label use! UK subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment) (in 1980), Sony Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd. (not for release label use! pre-Aug 2004 subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Inc.) (in 1980) und Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited (not for release label use! post-2008 subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment) (in 1980)
aufgenommen bei:
Startling Studios (Tittenhurst Park) in Ascot, Windsor and Maidenhead, England, Vereinigtes Königreich (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
Musikvideos:
Breaking the Law (music video) von Judas Priest
Teil von:
Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Songs of All Time (Nummer: 4), VH1: 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs (2008-12-29) (Nummer: 12) und Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – 500 Songs That Shaped Rock
recording of:
Breaking the Law (von 1980-01 bis 1980-02)
Verfasser(in):
Kenneth Downing, Rob Halford und Glenn Tipton
publisher:
Crewglen Ltd., Ebonytree Ltd, EMI April Music Inc., EMI Music Publishing France, EMI Music Publishing Ltd. (PRS‐affiliated), EMI Songs Ltd., Geargate Ltd. (publishing for K. K. Downing), Reach Global (UK) Limited, Reach Music Publishing, Inc., Round Hill Songs II und Warner Chappell Music France
sub-publisher:
ソニー・ミュージックパブリッシング EMI外国事業部 (Sony Music Publishing (Japan) Inc., EMI Overseas Division, sub‐publisher for non‐Japanese works), ワーナー・チャペル音楽出版 Synch事業部 (Warner/Chappell Music Japan K.K., Synch Division) und 日音 Synch事業部 (NICHION, INC. Synch Division)
Judas Priest4.152:36
5Pretty in Pink
Techniker(in):
Will Gosling und Phil Thornalley
Produzent(in):
Steve Lillywhite
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Sony Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd. (not for release label use! pre-Aug 2004 subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Inc.) (in 1981) und Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited (not for release label use! post-2008 subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment) (in 1981, in 1986)
recording of:
Pretty in Pink
Verfasser(in):
John Ashton, Richard Butler (singer), Tim Butler (co‐founder of The Psychedelic Furs), Vincent Paul Davey, Duncan Kilburn und Roger Morris (UK guitarist for The Psychedelic Furs)
publisher:
Blackwood Music Inc. (1953-02-07–1987-12-30) und EMI Songs Ltd.
The Psychedelic Furs4.653:58
6Don’t Stop Believin’
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
Wally Buck
Techniker(in):
Kevin Elson
Produzent(in):
Kevin Elson und Mike Stone (producer and engineer, 1960s–80s)
Bassgitarre:
Ross Valory (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Gitarre:
Neal Schon (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Keyboard und Klavier:
Jonathan Cain (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Schlagzeug und Perkussion:
Steve Smith (US drummer most associated with Journey) (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Hintergrundgesang:
Jonathan Cain (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06), Neal Schon (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06) und Ross Valory (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Sologesang:
Steve Perry (former lead singer of Journey) (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
CBS Records Inc. (for rights/distribution/manufacture use only; international subsidiary of CBS, Inc.) (in 1981), Columbia Records (not for release label use! company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, only use for manufacturing/distribution and copyright holding) (in 1981), Sony Music Entertainment (NOT FOR RELEASE LABEL USE! company owned by Sony Corporation of America since Oct 1, 2008; operates worldwide except in JP) (in 1981) und Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (company owned by Sony Corporation of America from 1991–2004, operated worldwide except in JP; normally not a release label) (in 1981)
aufgenommen bei:
Fantasy Studios (Berkeley) in Berkeley, California (Kalifornien), Vereinigte Staaten (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
mixed at:
Fantasy Studios (Berkeley) in Berkeley, California (Kalifornien), Vereinigte Staaten
Teil von:
SWR1 Hitparade 2022 (Baden-Württemberg) (Nummer: 10), VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the 80’s (compiled in 2006) (Nummer: 11), Offizielle deutsche Charts – Single-Jahrescharts 2025 (Nummer: 34), Billboard: The 500 Best Pop Songs (as of October 2023) (Nummer: 51) und Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 2021 edition (Nummer: 133)
recording of:
Don’t Stop Believin’ (Journey song) (von 1981-04 bis 1981-06)
Verfasser(in):
Jonathan Cain, Steve Perry (former lead singer of Journey) und Neal Schon
publisher:
BMG Rights Management (UK) Ltd. (not for release label use! see annotation), Lacey Boulevard Music, Sharandall Music, Sony Music (global brand, excluding JP, owned by Sony Music Entertainment), Universal/MCA Music Ltd. (not for release label use!) und Weedhigh‐Nightmare Music
sub-publisher:
ヤマハミュージックエンタテインメントホールディングス (Yamaha Music Entertainment Holdings, Inc., holding company – do not use as release label), 日音 Synch事業部 (NICHION, INC. Synch Division), フジパシフィック音楽出版 (Fujipacific Music inc.) (bis 2014-12-31) und フジパシフィックミュージック (Fujipacific Music, Inc.) (vom 2015-01-01 bis heute)
Journey4.34:08
7Beds Are Burning
A&R-Management:
S. Ralbovsky
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
Kathy Naunton (editor)
Techniker(in):
Guy Gray
Produzent(in):
Warne Livesey und Midnight Oil (Australian rock band)
Bass:
Peter Gifford
Cello:
John Ockwell (Cello Artist)
Gitarre:
Jim Moginie und Martin Rotsey
Keyboard:
Warne Livesey und Jim Moginie
Posaune:
Glad Reed
Schlagzeug [drums]:
Rob Hirst
Waldhorn:
Jeremy Smith (Horns)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Midnight Oil (Australian rock band) (in 1987)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Midnight Oil Ents Pty Ltd (in 1987) und Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Australia) Pty Limited (not for release label use! AU subsidiary of SBME 2004–2009) (in 1987)
aufgenommen bei:
Alberts Studios (Australian studio, Neutral Bay location, 1985-2016) in Neutral Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australien
Teil von:
triple j’s Hottest 100 of Australian Songs (Nummer: 18) und VH1’s 100 Greatest One‐Hit Wonders of the ’80s (Nummer: 95)
recording of:
Beds Are Burning
Verfasser(in):
Peter Garrett, Rob Hirst und Jim Moginie
publisher:
Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia Pty Ltd. und Sprint Music Pty. Ltd.
Midnight Oil4.54:14
8Learning to Fly
recording engineer und Mix:
Andrew Jackson (UK recording engineer/prog musician)
andere Instrumente [sequencer]-Programmierung:
Bob Ezrin und David Gilmour (Pink Floyd)
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
Jeff DeMorris, Marc DeSisto, Stan Katayama und Robert (Ringo) Hrycyna
Produzent(in):
Bob Ezrin und David Gilmour (Pink Floyd)
Bassgitarre:
Tony Levin (US rock bassist/Chapman Stick)
Gitarre und Sologesang:
David Gilmour (Pink Floyd)
Keyboard:
Jon Carin und Richard Wright (Pink Floyd keyboardist)
Perkussion:
Bob Ezrin und Steve Forman (US percussionist)
Schlagzeug und Effektgerät [sound effects] und Sprecher:
Nick Mason (of Pink Floyd)
Hintergrundgesang:
Darlene Koldenhaven, Donnie Gerrard, Phyllis St. James, Carmen Twillie und Richard Wright (Pink Floyd keyboardist)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Pink Floyd (1987) Ltd. (in 2011, in 2016) und Pink Floyd Music Ltd. (in 2011)
recording of:
Learning to Fly
Verfasser(in):
Jon Carin, Bob Ezrin, David Gilmour (Pink Floyd) und Anthony Moore (UK experimental musician, aka Anthony More)
publisher:
Pink Floyd Music Publishers, Pink Floyd Music Publishers Inc. und Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd.
Pink Floyd3.54:52
9Cult of Personality
Techniker(in):
Paul Hamingson
Produzent(in) und Mix:
Ed Stasium (US record producer & audio engineer)
Teil von:
Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Songs of All Time (Nummer: 12) und VH1: 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs (2008-12-29) (Nummer: 69)
recording of:
Cult of Personality
Verfasser(in):
Will Calhoun, Corey Glover, Vernon Reid (English-born US guitarist and songwriter) und Muzz Skillings
Living Colour4.354:53
10No More Tears
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
John Bleich (engineer), Matt Curry (engineer), Chris Laidlaw, Joe Pirrera und Rodolphe Sanguinetti
Techniker(in):
Paul Northfield und Brian Sperber
Produzent(in):
Michael Beinhorn
Mix:
David Bianco (American engineer and record producer)
Bassgitarre:
Geezer Butler (in 1991)
Gitarre:
Zakk Wylde (in 1991)
Keyboard:
Rick Wakeman (in 1991)
Schlagzeug:
Deen Castronovo (in 1991)
Sologesang:
Ozzy Osbourne (in 1991)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (company owned by Sony Corporation of America from 1991–2004, operated worldwide except in JP; normally not a release label)
aufgenommen bei:
Bearsville Studios in Bearsville, New York, Vereinigte Staaten (in 1991), Electric Lady Studios in Greenwich Village, New York, New York, Vereinigte Staaten (in 1991), Right Track Recording in Manhattan, New York, New York, Vereinigte Staaten (in 1991) und Studio Guillaume Tell in Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, Frankreich (in 1991)
recording of:
No More Tears (in 1991)
Verfasser(in):
Randy Castillo, Mike Inez, Ozzy Osbourne, John Purdell und Zakk Wylde
publisher:
BMG VM Music Ltd., EMI Virgin Music, Inc., EMI Virgin Songs, Inc., Virgin Music, Inc. (US arm of Virgin’s publishing company), EMI Virgin Music Ltd. (do not use this as a release label!) (in 1991), Monowise Ltd. (in 1991), Purdell Music (in 1991) und Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd. (in 1991)
Ozzy Osbourne45:53
11Runaway Train
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
David Michael Dill (engineer) und Dan Gellert (sound engineer)
Produzent(in):
Michael Beinhorn
assistierende(r) Mix:
Craig Doubet (recording engineer) und Steve Sisco
Mix:
Andy Wallace (engineer)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Columbia Records (EMI‐owned 1931–1990, worldwide except US, CA, MX, ES, & JP; largely defunct since Jan 1973) (in 1992) und Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Aug 5, 2004 – Oct 1, 2008) (in 1992)
recording of:
Runaway Train
Texter und Komponist(in):
Dave Pirner
publisher:
EMI Music Publishing Taiwan, LFR Music, Standing Water Music, Warner Chappell Music (publisher as Warner/Chappell Music), Warner Chappell North America Ltd., Warner/Chappell North America Limited (formerly incorporated as Marmalade Music Ltd., from 1968/09/19–1999/11/09) und WB Music Corp. (1929–2019)
Soul Asylum4.44:25
12Black
zusätzliche(r) Techniker(in):
Don Gilmore (American rock/nu metal music producer), Dave Hillis und Adrian Moore (recording engineer)
Produzent(in):
Rick Parashar und Pearl Jam
Mix:
Tim Palmer (British producer/mixer)
Bassgitarre:
Jeff Ament (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
Gitarre:
Stone Gossard (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04) und Mike McCready (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
Schlagzeug:
Dave Krusen (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
Sologesang:
Eddie Vedder (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (company owned by Sony Corporation of America from 1991–2004, operated worldwide except in JP; normally not a release label) (in 1991)
aufgenommen bei:
London Bridge Studios in Seattle, Washington, Vereinigte Staaten (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
mixed at:
Ridge Farm Studios in Dorking, Surrey, England, Vereinigtes Königreich (in 1991-06)
Teil von:
Indie 88: Top 500 Indie Rock Songs (Nummer: 351)
recording of:
Black (von 1991-03 bis 1991-04)
Texter:
Eddie Vedder
Komponist(in):
Stone Gossard
Pearl Jam4.455:42
13Would?
recording engineer und Mix:
Rick Parashar
A&R-Management:
Nick Terzo
Produzent(in):
Alice in Chains und Rick Parashar
Bassgitarre:
Mike Starr (Alice in Chains)
Gitarre und Hintergrundgesang:
Jerry Cantrell
Schlagzeug:
Sean Kinney
Sologesang:
Jerry Cantrell und Layne Staley
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (company owned by Sony Corporation of America from 1991–2004, operated worldwide except in JP; normally not a release label) (in 1992)
Musikvideos:
Would? von Alice in Chains
Teil von:
VH1: 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs (2008-12-29) (Nummer: 88) und The Downloader’s Music Source Book (Nummer: 353)
recording of:
Would?
Texter und Komponist(in):
Jerry Cantrell
publisher:
Buttnugget Publishing und Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC (1995–2020)
Alice in Chains4.353:27
14Killing in the Name
Assistent recording engineer:
Jeff Sheehan
recording engineer:
GGGarth (Canadian music producer and engineer) und Stan Katayama
zusätzlich Assistent recording engineer:
Craig Doubet (recording engineer)
Produzent(in):
GGGarth (Canadian music producer and engineer) und Rage Against the Machine
Mix:
Andy Wallace (engineer)
E-Bass:
Tim Commerford
E-Gitarre:
Tom Morello
Schlagzeug:
Brad Wilk
Sologesang:
Zack de la Rocha
arranger:
Rage Against the Machine
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Epic Records (a division of Sony Music Entertainment; holding company, not a release label) (in 1992) und Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (company owned by Sony Corporation of America from 1991–2004, operated worldwide except in JP; normally not a release label) (in 1992)
aufgenommen bei:
Scream Studios in Studio City, Los Angeles, California (Kalifornien), Vereinigte Staaten und Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California (Kalifornien), Vereinigte Staaten
mixed at:
Quantum Sound Studios in Jersey City, New Jersey, Vereinigte Staaten
Musikvideos:
Killing in the Name (music video) von Rage Against the Machine
Teil von:
Fuck tha Police: 20 Songs Against Police Brutality (Nummer: 8), NME: 50 Greatest Guitar Riffs of All Time (2012-10-25) (Nummer: 32), Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Songs of All Time (Nummer: 38) und Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 2021 edition (Nummer: 207)
recording of:
Killing in the Name
Texter:
Zack de la Rocha
Komponist(in):
Tim Commerford, Tom Morello, Zack de la Rocha und Brad Wilk
Rage Against the Machine4.255:13
15Wonderwall
recording engineer:
Owen Morris
Produzent(in):
Noel Gallagher und Owen Morris
Akustikgitarre [rhythm guitar]:
Paul Arthurs ("Bonehead", Oasis)
Bassgitarre, E-Bow, E-Gitarre [lead guitar], Klavier, mellotron und Hintergrundgesang:
Noel Gallagher
Perkussion und Schlagzeug:
Alan White (Oasis drummer)
Tamburin und Sologesang:
Liam Gallagher (English musician, lead singer of Oasis)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Big Brother Recordings, Ltd. (not for release label use! use “BIg Brother” instead) (in 1995)
aufgenommen bei:
Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, Vereinigtes Königreich
Musikvideos:
Wonderwall von Oasis (Noel & Liam Gallagher)
Teil von:
triple j’s Hottest 100 (Australian annual music listener poll) (Nummer: 1995), Indie 88: Top 500 Indie Rock Songs (Nummer: 12), NME: Greatest “Indie” Anthems Ever: 2007 (Nummer: 27), triple j’s Hottest 100 (Australian annual music listener poll) (Nummer: 2013 (Twenty Years)), Billboard: The 500 Best Pop Songs (as of October 2023) (Nummer: 48) und Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 2021 edition (Nummer: 95)
recording of:
Wonderwall
Texter und Komponist(in):
Noel Gallagher
publisher:
Copyright Control (not for release label use! this is only for copyrights and publishing relationships), Creation Songs Ltd, Dead Leg Music, Sony Music Publishing (worldwide except Japan, ended 1995), Sony/ATV, Sony/ATV Music Publishing und Sony/ATV Music Publishing Ltd.
Oasis4.254:18
16Got the Life
recording engineer:
Toby Wright (producer & engineer)
zusätzlich recording engineer:
John Ewing, Jr. (engineer)
Produzent(in):
Korn (US nu metal band), Steve Thompson (producer) und Toby Wright (producer & engineer)
Mix:
Brendan O’Brien (engineer)
Editing:
Don C. Tyler (mastering engineer, electronic music producer, graphic designer)
phonographisches Urheberrecht (℗) von:
Epic Records (a division of Sony Music Entertainment; holding company, not a release label) (in 1998)
recording of:
Got the Life
Verfasser(in):
Brian Welch (Brian Phillip Welch, member of Korn), Jonathan Davis (vocalist for Korn), James Shaffer, Reginald Arvizu und David Silveria
Korn3.653:48
17Love Sick
assistierende(r) Techniker(in):
Chris Carrol
Techniker(in):
Mark Howard (producer/recording engineer, New Orleans/Los Angeles based)
Produzent(in):
Daniel Lanois (Canadian record producer, guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter)
Schlagzeug:
Brian Blade (US jazz drummer, composer, and session musician) und Jim Keltner
aufgenommen bei:
Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, Vereinigte Staaten
mixed at:
El Teatro Studio in Oxnard, California (Kalifornien), Vereinigte Staaten
recording of:
Love Sick
Texter und Komponist(in):
Bob Dylan (in 1997-01)
publisher:
Sony/ATV Music Publishing France und Special Rider Music (vom 1997 bis heute)
Bob Dylan4.655:20
21▶CD: R&B: From Doo‐Wop to Hip‐Hop, Disc 1
22▶CD: R&B: From Doo‐Wop to Hip‐Hop, Disc 2
23▶CD: International Music: Sony Music Around the World, Disc 1
24▶CD: International Music: Sony Music Around the World, Disc 2
25▶CD: Pop Music: The Modern Era: 1976–1999, Disc 1
26▶CD: Pop Music: The Modern Era: 1976–1999, Disc 2